This work is due December 5 at 5:00 pm (AST) (17:00 AST) Please note that all questions must be answered in your own, computer-typed, size-12 font words (English or Spanish, your choice) and be limited to 500 total words (for each answer) with single spacing. However, try to respond to each item in at least the same level of detail presented in the book. Anyone found presenting another’s work (regardless of source) as her/his own will receive a failing grade. You must limit each answer to 500 words, in Word format. In your own words, respond to any five (5: your choice) of the following six (6) essay questions: you must limit each answer to no more than 500 single words. Use mostly, if not all, the information provided from the book and place the references in APA format. 1. Describe the processes in Photosystems I and II in generating ATP and NADPH. Be sure to explain how these two systems are connected to one another. Then describe how these are used in the Calvin Cycle to generate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 2. Describe the roles of the Na+-K+ pump and the K+-Na+ leak channels in establishing the membrane potential. Then explain how gated-Na+ and gated-K+ channels use this electrical potential energy to generate action potentials. 3. Describe how the lac operon if regulated through (a) negative control and (b) positive control. 4. Describe a signal transduction mechanism involving each of the following: (a) extracellular ligand, (b) transmembrane receptor, (c) G protein, (d) G protein alpha subunit, (e) adenylate cyclase, (f) cAMP, and (g) a protein kinase. 5. Describe signal transduction-mediated apoptosis. 6. Describe the cell physiology topic that you found to be the most challenging one to learn.